FDA Approves Pembrolizumab/Axitinib Combo for Frontline RCC

The FDA has approved pembrolizumab (Keytruda) in combination with axitinib (Inlyta) for the frontline treatment of patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC).¹

The approval is based on findings from the phase III KEYNOTE-426 trial, which demonstrated that the frontline combination significantly improved overall response rates (ORRs), progression-free, and overall survival (OS) compared with sunitinib (Sutent) in patients with advanced RCC. Moreover, data showed that pembrolizumab/axitinib led to a 47% reduction in the risk of death versus sunitinib (HR, 0.53; 95% CI, 0.38-0.74; P <.0001).²

This is the first anti—PD-1 therapy that is approved as part of a combination regimen that significantly improved OS, progression-free survival (PFS), and ORR compared with sunitinib in this patient population.

"This represents a new treatment option for patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma, who will now have access to Keytruda as part of a first-line combination regimen," said Scot Ebbinghaus, MD, vice president, clinical research, Merck Research Laboratories, the developer of pembrolizumab. "Today’s approval reflects Merck’s commitment to patients with cancer and further supports the use of KEYTRUDA to help improve survival outcomes for patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma."

In the open-label KEYNOTE-426 study (NCT02853331), 861 patients with newly diagnosed or recurrent stage IV clear cell RCC were randomized 1:1 to receive pembrolizumab at 200 mg intravenously every 3 weeks for up to 35 cycles plus axitinib at 5 mg orally twice daily or sunitinib at 50 mg orally once daily for the first 4 weeks of each 6-week cycle. Treatment was administered until disease progression, unacceptable toxicity, or if patients dropped out of the trial.

The median age was 62; 73% of patients were male and 27% were female. Patients were stratified by geographic region and by International Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma Database Consortium risk group as having favorable-, intermediate-, or poor-risk disease.

The coprimary endpoints were OS and PFS; secondary endpoints were ORR, duration of response (DOR), patient-reported outcomes, and safety.

To be eligible for enrollment, patients had no prior systemic treatment for advanced disease, had a Karnofsky performance status ≥70, measurable disease per RECIST v1.1 criteria, provision of a tumor sample for biomarker assessment, and adequate organ function.

At a median follow-up of 12.8 months, results showed that the median OS was not reached in either arm. The median progression-free survival (PFS) was 15.1 months (range, 12.6-17.7) for pembrolizumab/axitinib and 11.1 months (range, 8.7-12.5) with sunitinib. With the combination, there was a 31% reduction in the risk of disease progression (HR, 0.69; 95% CI, 0.57-0.84; P = .0001).

The 12- and 18-month OS rates were higher with pembrolizumab/axitinib than sunitinib, at 89.9% versus 78.3% and 82.3% versus 72.1%, respectively. The 12-month and 18-month PFS rates were also higher with pembrolizumab and axitinib (59.6% and 41.1%) compared with sunitinib (46.2% and 32.9%). The survival benefits were observed irrespective of PD-L1 status or risk group.

Additionally, the ORR was 59.3% (95% CI, 54.5-63.9) with the combination and 35.7% (95% CI, 31.1-40.4) with sunitinib (P <.0001). The median DOR was not reached (range, 1.4+ to 18.2+) in the pembrolizumab/axitinib arm and was 15.2 months (1.1+ to 15.4+) for sunitinib. Treatment is ongoing in 59.0% of patients on the immunotherapy/TKI arm and in 43.1% of those on the sunitinib arm.

Regarding safety, the incidence of all-grade adverse events (AEs) was comparable between the 2 arms, at 96.3% with the combination and 97.6% with sunitinib. Grade 3 to 5 AEs were higher with pembrolizumab/axitinib (62.9%) versus sunitinib (58.1%). A total of 0.9% of AEs led to death in the combination arm versus 1.6% in the sunitinib arm.

Moreover, 25.9% of patients who were treated with pembrolizumab/axitinib discontinued treatment of either drug, compared with 10.1% of patients who discontinued sunitinib. A total 8.2% of patients discontinued treatment with both pembrolizumab and axitinib.

"Given the aggressive nature of the disease, many patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma need additional treatment options that can help improve survival outcomes," said Brian Rini, MD, medical oncologist at Cleveland Clinic Cancer Center and professor of medicine at the Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University. "Pembrolizumab in combination with axitinib offers an important new therapeutic option for physicians to consider when approaching initial treatment for patients newly diagnosed with advanced renal cell carcinoma."

References

1. FDA Approves Merck’s KEYTRUDA (pembrolizumab) in Combination With Inlyta® (axitinib) as First-Line Treatment for Patients With Advanced Renal Cell Carcinoma (RCC). Merck. Published April 22, 2019. https://bit.ly/2IKrjMM. Accessed April 22, 2019.
2. Powles T, Plimack ER, Stus V, et al. Pembrolizumab plus axitinib vs sunitinib as first-line therapy for advanced renal cell carcinoma: KEYNOTE-426. J Clin Oncol. 2019;37 (suppl; abstr 543).