Gliomas as a group represent the most common primary brain tumor in adults. Surgery plays a critical role in the multimodal management of gliomas with respect to tissue diagnosis as well as symptomatic relief from mass effect. Moreover, the combination of surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy has been shown to confer a survival benefit for patients with malignant glioblastoma multiforme, a very aggressive glioma.

 In addition, a series of studies has demonstrated a correlation between extent of surgical resection and clinical outcome benefits in patients with gliomas.

 Accordingly, there is a drive toward neurosurgical innovations that promote the safe maximal resection paradigm.

Rapid technological advances and refinements in intraoperative neurosurgical strategies have facilitated the goal of maximum and safe resections. The impetus toward minimally invasive neurosurgical intracranial techniques with respect to minimizing morbidity has been a driving force as well. In particular, image-guided stereotactic techniques have been extremely valuable in this endeavor by providing intraoperative neuronavigational capabilities for the neurosurgeon. Furthermore, recent advances in MRI diffusion tensor tractography have facilitated the acquisition and incorporation of critical white matter pathways onto neuronavigational plans, thereby providing the anatomical correlate and localization for critical pathways such as the corticospinal fibers for motor and optic radiations for vision. As a consequence, minimally invasive brain tumor resections are now feasible for tumors in eloquent or even deep cortical locations that were previously deemed high risk, and hence nonresectable.

	Modern stereotactic systems incorporate specialized optical detection systems for neuronavigation, and reflect a marked improvement from older systems that mainly generated coordinates within the brain based on the three cardinal planes (ie, sagittal, coronal, and axial). The patient undergoes acquisition of a thin-cut, high-resolution MRI of the brain, which could also include functional MRI data for motor and language areas, if applicable. The imaging data are then processed through an algorithm to generate a three-dimensional (3D), patient-specific model for that particular patient (

). Three-dimensional navigation within the brain is then accomplished by integrating surface landmarks on the patient’s head with similar landmarks on the 3D-model generated from stored, high-resolution CT or MRI scans. The combination of optical detectors and a navigational probe permits pinpoint localization of any point in space within millimeter precision in the brain relative to the patient and the model. Incorporation of intraoperative MRI data taken during surgery can correct for any discrepancies or brain shift that typically occurs as a result of surgery.

	For resection of tumors in noneloquent areas of the brain, neuronavigation without incorporation of functional MRI or diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) data is usually sufficient. However, in patients whose tumors are within speech, motor, or visual areas, incorporation of functional MRI and white matter pathway data is very feasible, with the potential to minimize surgical morbidity.

FIGURE. This navigation screen picture shows a model, top left, generated from a high-resolution MRI. The tumor and associated pathway fibers and other MRI images are depicted in the accompanying three key projections. When the surgeon navigates with a probe on the patient, it is possible to see that location in real-time on all four images on the navigation screen.

	One technique of immense interest has been DTI tractography. The technique examines the differential movement of water molecules within the brain between gray and white matter. Since white matter fiber tracts are directional, there is a direction movement of water molecules within white matter. Algorithmic processing of such directionality generates the fiber profile within the region of interest. Hence, during neuronavigation, the relationship of critical fibers and pathways is available (

). DTI is especially valuable for deeper lesions where a transcortical trajectory is required. For instance, a trajectory that spares the corticospinal motor fibers is therefore desirable. Moreover, DTI navigation data for deeper lesions have been shown to correlate nicely with intraoperative electrical stimulation data for corticospinal motor fibers, suggesting its role as a localization surrogate for white matter fibers.

 In addition, other functional MRI data for speech or motor can be incorporated and visualized in real-time. Lastly, a select group of patients might benefit from awake-craniotomy where patient-dependent function can be assessed in real-time.

	As we experience rapid advancements in MRI and optics, stereotactic neuronavigation will offer more surgical visualization capabilities for the neurosurgeon. The ability to navigate around critical white matter fibers for resection of tumors will be markedly enhanced. These advanced stereotactic techniques have already been incorporated at our comprehensive cancer center, where we encounter a significant number of tumors in critical areas of the brain.

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Articles

Arnold B. Etame, MD, PhD, from the Moffitt Cancer Center, describes stereotactic neuronavigation, which may offer more surgical visualization capabilities for the neurosurgeon.

By Arnold B. Etame, MD, PhD

Articles

Neurosurgical Innovations Advance Safe Resection of Difficult Brain Tumors